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Proposals for experimental research on propulsion systems Basis for a project initiative for creation of gravitation spacecraft by Alexander V. Frolov

1. Brief survey of experimental research and patents
2. Theoretical basis of the Project
3. The plan of research work and experiments
4. Demonstration of the principles

Introduction The project is planned to be new method for universal transport drive for future automobile industry and aerospace. The technology is based on known physics but some aspects of the proposals require for new understanding of the classical physics.
Brief survey of experimental research and patents There are some open experimental data and patents in this area:

    1. Converting rotary motion into unidirectional motion.
    Inner gradient of pressure in the system can be produced if the velocity of rotation of the mass is changing for different parts of the trajectory and centrifugal force is asymmetrical. Gyroscopical version of this approach is USA patent by Richard E. Foster, 3,653,269 of May 15, 1970 (Appendix 1). Other example is Mobiloscope Project design by Jaroslav J. Kopernicky (Appendix 2). Also the converting angular momentum into linear impulses can be produced by means of eccentric inertial masses that was tested in Thornson Drive, for example (Appendix 3). This engine demonstrated force-to-power ratio in 20 times higher than a jet engine (Appendix 4). According to Academician Albert Veinik theory and experiments, any inertial propulsion system is based on "chronal motive forces" (Appendix 5). So, in any powerful reactionless drive some local space-time changes can be detected.

    2. Gravity shield
    There is the fact of "gravity shielding" by Dr. Podkletnov's experiments on superconductor rotation.

    3. Electrokinetic effects.
    In this method the electric field is used to accelerate a charged particles (electrons) so periodical impulses of the micro particles can be transferred to the system to change net impulse. The example for this way is old USA patent 300,311 of Nov.15, 1928 by T.T.Brown (Appendix 6). New understanding of the pulsed electric field method allow to use potential field to accelerate electron bunch in a closed system also. Spacecraft engine in this case can be made as plane capacitor that is powered by pulsing voltage source. The trust is created in positive electrode direction since the electron bunch in area between electrodes is periodically accelerated by electric field in one direction. The example is research project by Dr. Lev Sapogin http://www.erols.com/stuartjr/Image42a.gif

4. Poynting vector
Rotating electromagnetic field can be composed of synchronous and mutually perpendicular magnetic and electric field and in this case the energy flow is created to "push the Ether" and to move the system in opposite direction. In fact it is the Ether reactive propulsion. Example of this way is patent by Michel Pages, France, 1,253,902 of January 9, 1961. Experiments by Academician Gennady F. Ignatyev, Krasnoyarsk, demonstrated several Kg propulsion force in such sort engine (Appendix 7). Known Searl effect also can be described as original method for the same technology where electric field is produced by centrifugal force in dielectric and magnetic field is result from permanent magnets (Appendix 8).

5. Opposite magnetic flux systems
Electromagnetic energy and gravitation energy connection can be demonstrated in bifiliar coils experiments where two opposite magnetic fields are created, for example, William J. Hooper USA patent 3.610,971 of October 3, 1971 (Appendix 9). Japan antigravity research in this area is known by Dr. Shinishi Seiko experiments with Mobius loop current.

6. Acceleration of diamagnetic particles
Acceleration of diamagnetic mercury vapors by magnetic field of permanent magnet is described as "heat pipe" engine (Appendix 10).

7. Reactive propulsion in closed system
Reactive propulsion is known method but if kinetic energy of the reactive mass flow is transformed to heat energy, so this system can be closed one and reactive mass can be used in closed circulation way (Appendix 11).

8. Asymmetry and gradient of electric field
The trust can be produced if the electrostatic field gradient between two electrodes is non-linear, USA patent 3,187,206 of June 1, 1965 by T.T.Brown. This non linearity of the gradient may result from the electrodes superposition and from its shape, from the gradient of the density, electric conductivity and electric permittivity, from the shape of the dielectric that is placed between electrodes (Appendix 12).

9. Thermogravitics propulsion
Thermo-gravitation propulsion technology is tested in experiment by Alexander Shegolev, Russia as weight changes in heated metal body of special shape. The trust is created if directed heat flow (ordered heat molecular motion) is created in the mass of this body.

    NASA Glenn Research Center now is developing Breakthrough Propulsion Physics program and six proposals were selected:
    - test to see if rapidly changing electric fields can affect inertia mass.
    - micro-electromechanical devices
    - magnetic resonance to test a theory linking electromagnetics, mass and time
    - experimental study of possible links between superconductors and gravity
    - superluminal effects
    - negative energy theory for hyperfast travel

Conclusion:
Application of electric potential field or permanent magnet field in such sort propulsion systems is the most efficient method since there are no needs in powerful onboard source of energy. Some technologies for propulsion can be used as power source also. Impulse potential field technology seems as perspective if reliable generator of impulse high frequency field can be produced. So, the main direction of research that is proposed here is asymmetrical electrostatics and gradient electric field technology. Asymmetry of impulse in time (quickly increasing and slowly decreasing) also can be used.

Theoretical basis of the Project The theoretical principles were published by author in papers "Application of Potential for Creation of Power", New Energy News, May 1994, " Trilateral spacetime effect", Newsletter of Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Vol.9 (2&3), April 1997, p.10-14, "Reactionless Propulsion", report on Space-Time Congress in St.-Petersburg, 1998.
Any active force can be created only in pair with reactive force. This known rule described the balanced interaction between two bodies. But this rule should be working also for body and some substance around this body (air or the ether). So, it is proposed to create a motion of spacecraft without reactive mass flow if reaction is created as changes of space-time parameters.

Important part of the gravitation concept that is proposed here is follows from the M. Faraday's opinion about matter nature. In his letter of June 25, 1844 to Richard Tailor, M. Faraday wrote: So, matter anywhere is continuous... it is not necessary to suppose the difference between atoms of the matter and some intermediate space. The forces around centers provide to these centers the properties of the matter... By this way, local change of space structure that produce the mass-particle must be compensated by corresponding opposite change of vacuum structure around the mass-particle. It the basis for conclusion: Any body displace ether mass that equal to the body mass, it is well known Arhimed's law for ether ( in generalized form).

So, any body is created inside of real substance and this substance (space-time itself) can be used for etherdynamics (like aerodynamical) method of motion. Forces are acting to the body in this case are external and law of conservation (for energy, momentum, impulse) is true if body and substance around body (air, liquid, ether) is considered as closed system.

Modern physics of vacuum consider the notion about so called "virtual particles" that is an analogy for old idea for "ether particles". It can explain the chaotical impulse interaction between real particle of matter and vacuum that is observed in heat molecular motion and atom heat oscillations. The target of the project now can be formulated by next way: active drive can be designed if some special conditions for directed impulse energy exchange between real and virtual particles are created. Such sort interaction takes place anytime and always but total vector sum is zero in strength of spontaneous nature of the process. We have chance to order this process as directed heat flow in the mass of the drive, or to change vacuum structure by means of force field (electrical, for example) to order the processes of creation and annihilation of the virtual particles. Such sort influence is the reason of any electromagnetic interactions. In fact, if electrically charged body is surrounded by joint summary electrical field that is not symmetrical, so some gradient of electrical intensity is the reason for propulsion force.

Important note: there is only direct interaction between body and surrounding space (ether) and electromagnetic force is result of the gradient of the pressure like to aerodynamics.

The "field" means some area of space where the processes of interaction between the ether and matter are not chaotical and spontaneous but they are ordered in some degree. The field influence to processes of impulse interaction between material particle and ether (virtual) particle make this interaction to be directed. The properties of the matter can be used to create the gradient of field described above and it was used by T.T.Brown.

Important note about necessity for true law of impulse conservation. The Law of conservation for quantity of the motion should be true for gravity drive also. The impulse and the velocity of the system is changing and the compensation effect here is the change of the impulse of the "virtual particles" or "particles of the ether". So, the heat energy exchange between real material particles and virtual particles of the ether should be changed. It can be detected since local time rate should be changed in area of the drive operation. The gravity propulsion force is four-dimensional vector and its spatial component should be paired with time directed force. This force was named by Academician Albert Veinik as chronomotive force by analogy with electromotive force. The value of this force depend of the power (propulsion force) that is produced by gravity drive. The volumetrical energy density of vacuum is known and local changes of space-time curvature in area of gravity drive as function of distance can be calculated.

The Newton's Law can be generalized: Forces can be created in pair only, and any active force have spatial or chronal equal and opposite reactive force. By this version there are pre-conditions for new technologies: local control by rate of time.

The plan of research work and experiments The asymmetry and gradient of electric field is proposed as the main direction of the research work. It does not require powerful current source and special generator for impulse field. To increase reliability of the drive it is proposed here the conception of miniaturization: many small elements can be composed in one propulsion system but each element is independent propulsion unit so failure of one or several units is not major failure of the drive.
Author described the idea for asymmetrical capacitor in the paper "The Application of Potential Field for Generation of Power", New Energy News, May 1994, and in other publications. Simple test was made to confirm the theory is working one Fig.1, Fig.2, Fig.3, Fig.4 . The next step in the technology development is investigation for the best dielectric material (both solid state and liquid), miniaturization and preparation for mass production technological process. Principal new aspect is application of electret materials in such sort asymmetrical capacitor that allow to "keep the trust" after the power source is disconnected. Other aspect is small size compact big capacity electric condensers. This problem was solved by Japan company Elna (serial type DC, DX, DB) and Panasonic (serial type E, SG). The technology for compact capacitor of great surface is necessary to get maximum asymmetry in electrodes and maximum gradient of field for creation of the thrust. Small size of the elemental asymmetrical capacitor (about 1 mm, for example) allow to decrease the operational voltage.

    By analogy with known NASA project on rapidly changing electric fields it is proposed here to test efficiency of the same pulsed field method to accelerated ions in liquid, Fig.5. Electrolytic cell can be composed to organize directed flow of ions and interaction of moving molecules with the electrodes can be made as asymmetrical to produce unidirectional force. In this case it is not necessary to use the impulse current source since circulation of ions can be organized by topology of the system. Also there is one more important aspect for this way: energy efficiency of the system can be more than 100%. Investigation in cold fusion area and plasma electrolysis by Prof. Kanarev, is an example of demonstration for efficiency up to 700%. His water decomposition system can be used for propulsion and as the energy source also. Decomposition and composition of water molecules can be organized in closed cycle but it is more easy to use the water as the fuel in this system.
    One more version of the same technology is asymmetrical oscillations of electrons in semiconductor material, for example, in TiBa. The material can be placed on surface of the system and in this case the surface is the drive.

     Gyroscopical effect is well known and the method for axial trust can be proposed here, Fig.6. When own rotation of gyro w1 and orbital rotation w2 are produced by motors, the rotation of gyroscope in radial plane w3 is result of known gyro-effect. In this case some moment of rotation should be transferred to the system. The pair of such sort rotational moments from diametrical superposed gyros should be the reason for axial force in the system.

    Other effect that is connected with gyroscope was detected by N.Kozyrev for vibration and rotating gyro. In my understanding it is an example of helical motion of mass. Japan scientists Prof. Hideo Hayasaka, Dr. Haruo Tanaka, Prof. Toshiyuki Hashida, Tokushi Chibachi from Tohoku University discovered the asymmetry for gravity effect (right-spinning falling gyroscope weight changes). This experiment is the example of helical motion of mass also. Author produced simple experiments to confirm the proposal about axial trust for right helical motion of mass (video and CD). Theoretically this effect is linked with vortex structure of electrically charged particle. Any motion of electric charged particle is helical and it is the reason for magnetic field. By this way some kind of field should be generated for helically moving mass that is an analogy with magnetic field. Some theories describe this effect as gravimagnetic field.
    It is proposed to test this effect for liquid mass helical rotation in special shape body. This version exclude macro-mechanical rotations of parts of the system and velocity of the mass can be easy increased (for mass of steam, for example, or for electrons and ions accelerated by electric field).

     Some connection with the project above is well known Wallace effect, USA patents 36,26,605 and 36,26,606 of Dec.14, 1971 on rotation of material with odd nucleotide number, for example, copper or bismuth. Odd number means different numbers of neutrons and protons in the nuclears of this matter. According to proposed here helical motion conception the rotation of the protons (positive charged particle) is the reason for gravimagnetic effect. It is planned to test the same effect in a new version: rotation of material that is saturated by protons. Known material is Ti and it can be produced as porous material to increase the surface of interaction with water that is the source of proton. This system is quite economical since low voltage 6 - 12 VDC is necessary for saturation of electrolytic cell cathode. It is supposed the rotation of this cathode should produce the "gravity shielding effect". Other version is rotation of hydrogen since it is one-proton atom.

One more direction of the research work is investigation of optimal method for the Poynting vector creation. By Academician Ignatyev and other author data the technology allow to get trust in rotating electromagnetic field. Principal new idea is to join powerful permanent magnet technology and high voltage electric field in rotational system. The mechanical rotation of E and H vector superposition can be organized by small motor to generate great axial trust that is depend of magnetic field strength and electric field intensity. Important aspect here is powerful magnets and this point can be linked with research work by Dr. Takahashi, Sony, Japan. I have to note the possible connection with well known Searl effect. The axial propulsion and self rotation of Searl generator can be explained if electric field and magnetic field superposition produce necessary energy flow in Poynting vector direction and equivalent reaction in other direction. High voltage electric field (up to 10 million Volts) that was discovered for rotating dielectric by Searl can be linked with Rouland experiment of 1876 and Roentgen experiment of 1888 (separation of electric charges in rotating dielectric is result of centrifugal force). This method is very perspective since it can be used both for power generation and for propulsion. Some experiments with rotation of plastic disk were made by author to test it. The high potential field is created when the radial deformation of the disk is produced. So, important aspect here is material for disk.

It is proposed to investigate Victor Shauberger's idea about axial trust in vortex. Fig 7. If water inflow in centrifugal water pump is created in axial direction and water outflow is made in radial directions the reaction force for this system is axial and unidirectional.

Centrifugal force asymmetry can be realized in technology by two methods: motion of mass in 180 degree half-cycle and special rotation of eccentric that is the same 180 degree half-cycle. It is proposed to test efficiency of the method for standard electrical water pump and half-cycle trajectory of mass, Fig.8. Any heavy liquid mass can be used for the project. Solid state version can be tested for eccentric with own and orbital rotation. Optimal shape of the eccentric is the radial cylinder.

Proposals for propulsion by means of pressure gradient that is created in closed system are published in author's paper "The Gravity Conception and Experiments", reported in 1996, New Ideas in Natural Sciences conference. Known Magnus effect, Fig.9, Fig.10 or the wing profile, Fig.11, Fig.12 should be tested to be sure if air or liquid flow in closed system can be used for propulsion.

Demonstration of the principles T-shape capacitor and proposal for E-shape microstructure version

In classical plane capacitor the plates are in attraction but the forces are contradicted. In T-shape capacitor two electrodes are placed in the same flat, Fig.3. Electrodes are separated by "dielectric wall" to exclude electric discharge along minimal distance way between electrodes. The electric field structure is configured here to create co-directed electrostatic forces for both electrodes. In microstructure version of this system, Fig.4 the operational voltage can be decreased. E-shape dielectric structure is optimal for this case.

Cylindrical version can be used also, Fig.1, Fig.2.